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  • - Serial queue — executes tasks one at a time, in order.
  • some declares an opaque return type — the function returns a specific concrete type that conforms to a protocol, but the caller doesn't need to know which type it is.
  • Use a protocol for URLSession or inject a custom URLProtocol subclass that intercepts requests and returns fake responses without hitting the network.
  • CI/CD automates building, testing, and distributing your app on every code push.

Answer: some declares an opaque return type — the function returns a specific concrete type that conforms to a protocol, but the caller doesn't need to know which type it is. Used heavily in SwiftUI's body: some View.

Code Example:

// Without some — must specify exact type (often impossible with complex views)
func makeView() -> VStack<TupleView<(Text, Text)>> { ... } // ugly

// With some — hides the concrete type
func makeView() -> some View {
    VStack {
        Text("Hello")
        Text("World")
    }
}

// Also useful for protocols with associated types
protocol Shape {
    func area() -> Double
}

func makeShape() -> some Shape {
    Circle(radius: 5)
}

Key difference from any: some is a specific type (compiler-optimized), any is a type-erased existential (runtime overhead).

Further reading